一文全面掌握conda

闭嘴，安静的看文章

小码匠：今天学什么？
老码农：你每天放学回来开口第一句，过于雷同了，有没有点创意啊？你是小孩，不要像我们大人被岁月慢慢磨掉了棱角，变得循规蹈矩，毫无创意。

小码匠：就一句话也被你奚落，那我闪了，不学了。
老码农：甩锅，你敢。

小码匠：你又不舍得揍我，吓唬我不管用的。
老码农：好啦，今天我写了篇文章，你自己静下心来，好好读读，有不懂的我们在探讨。学习这个东西，还是要靠自己的，手把手教你，不是好事。
再说，你自学能力这么强，也不需要我手把手教啊。

小码匠：老码农，你就会忽悠我，斗不过你，那我看文章了啊。
老码农：嗯，那你慢慢读，精读的哟。

conda是什么，3个一

官网：最棒资源

多看官方文档，网络上知识碎片化太严重，官方文档最新、最严谨、最全，是我们学习知识的最佳场所

两个版本：建议安装miniconda版

https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/miniconda.html

安装miniconda

“

小码匠，教你一个秘籍，大部分安装程序你一路回车就能搞定

”

小码匠批注

“

老码农，这哪是秘籍，废话当宝贝? 你自己收着吧

”

(base) coder@192 pycharm % conda -V     
conda 4.10.3
(base) coder@

(base) coder@192 ~ % conda
usage: conda [-h] [-V] command ...

conda is a tool for managing and deploying applications, environments and packages.

Options:

positional arguments:
  command
    clean        Remove unused packages and caches.
    compare      Compare packages between conda environments.
    config       Modify configuration values in .condarc. This is modeled after the git config command. Writes to the
                 user .condarc file (/Users/cynthia/.condarc) by default.
    create       Create a new conda environment from a list of specified packages.
    help         Displays a list of available conda commands and their help strings.
    info         Display information about current conda install.
    init         Initialize conda for shell interaction. [Experimental]
    install      Installs a list of packages into a specified conda environment.
    list         List linked packages in a conda environment.
    package      Low-level conda package utility. (EXPERIMENTAL)
    remove       Remove a list of packages from a specified conda environment.
    uninstall    Alias for conda remove.
    run          Run an executable in a conda environment. [Experimental]
    search       Search for packages and display associated information. The input is a MatchSpec, a query language for
                 conda packages. See examples below.
    update       Updates conda packages to the latest compatible version.
    upgrade      Alias for conda update.

optional arguments:
  -h, --help     Show this help message and exit.
  -V, --version  Show the conda version number and exit.

conda commands available from other packages:
  env

(base) coder@192 ~ % conda create -h
usage: conda create [-h] [--clone ENV] [-n ENVIRONMENT | -p PATH] [-c CHANNEL] [--use-local] [--override-channels]
                    [--repodata-fn REPODATA_FNS] [--strict-channel-priority] [--no-
...

Options:

positional arguments:
  package_spec          Packages to install or update in the conda environment.

...

Target Environment Specification:
  -n ENVIRONMENT, --name ENVIRONMENT
                        Name of environment.
  -p PATH, --prefix PATH
                        Full path to environment location (i.e. prefix).
...

环境：创建/删除

conda最有特色的点，可以便利创建不同的开发环境，对开发环境进行管理

查看既存环境：conda env list

(base) coder@192 ~ % conda env list
# conda environments:
#
                         /Applications/JupyterLab.app/Contents/Resources/jlab_server
base                  *  /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3

创建虚拟环境：conda create -n [环境名称] [安装库包列表]

(base) coder@192 ~ % conda create -n oldgeek-study python=3.10
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done

## Package Plan ##

  environment location: /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/envs/oldgeek-study

  added / updated specs:
    - python=3.10


The following packages will be downloaded:

    package                    |            build
    ---------------------------|-----------------
    certifi-2020.6.20          |     pyhd3eb1b0_3         155 KB
    ncurses-6.3                |       hca72f7f_0         856 KB
    pip-21.2.4                 |  py310hecd8cb5_0         1.8 MB
    python-3.10.0              |       h88f2d9e_1        10.1 MB
    setuptools-58.0.4          |  py310hecd8cb5_0         782 KB
    tzdata-2021e               |       hda174b7_0         112 KB
    ------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Total:        13.8 MB

The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:

  bzip2              pkgs/main/osx-64::bzip2-1.0.8-h1de35cc_0
  ca-certificates    pkgs/main/osx-64::ca-certificates-2021.10.26-hecd8cb5_2
  certifi            pkgs/main/noarch::certifi-2020.6.20-pyhd3eb1b0_3
  libcxx             pkgs/main/osx-64::libcxx-12.0.0-h2f01273_0
  libffi             pkgs/main/osx-64::libffi-3.3-hb1e8313_2
  ncurses            pkgs/main/osx-64::ncurses-6.3-hca72f7f_0
  openssl            pkgs/main/osx-64::openssl-1.1.1l-h9ed2024_0
  pip                pkgs/main/osx-64::pip-21.2.4-py310hecd8cb5_0
  python             pkgs/main/osx-64::python-3.10.0-h88f2d9e_1
  readline           pkgs/main/osx-64::readline-8.1-h9ed2024_0
  setuptools         pkgs/main/osx-64::setuptools-58.0.4-py310hecd8cb5_0
  sqlite             pkgs/main/osx-64::sqlite-3.36.0-hce871da_0
  tk                 pkgs/main/osx-64::tk-8.6.11-h7bc2e8c_0
  tzdata             pkgs/main/noarch::tzdata-2021e-hda174b7_0
  wheel              pkgs/main/noarch::wheel-0.37.0-pyhd3eb1b0_1
  xz                 pkgs/main/osx-64::xz-5.2.5-h1de35cc_0
  zlib               pkgs/main/osx-64::zlib-1.2.11-h1de35cc_3


Proceed ([y]/n)?

Proceed ([y]/n)? y


Downloading and Extracting Packages
ncurses-6.3          | 856 KB    | ############################################################################## | 100% 
tzdata-2021e         | 112 KB    | ############################################################################## | 100% 
setuptools-58.0.4    | 782 KB    | ############################################################################## | 100% 
pip-21.2.4           | 1.8 MB    | ############################################################################## | 100% 
certifi-2020.6.20    | 155 KB    | ############################################################################## | 100% 
python-3.10.0        | 10.1 MB   | ############################################################################## | 100% 
Preparing transaction: done
Verifying transaction: done
Executing transaction: done
#
# To activate this environment, use
#
#     $ conda activate oldgeek-study
#
# To deactivate an active environment, use
#
#     $ conda deactivate

(base) cynthia@192 ~ %

查看环境列表：conda env list

(base) coder@192 ~ % conda env list
# conda environments:
#
                         /Applications/JupyterLab.app/Contents/Resources/jlab_server
base                  *  /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3
oldgeek-study            /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/envs/oldgeek-study

引申知识

conda create -n coder-study requests numpy

conda install -n coder-study scipy

启动新创建环境：oldgeek-study

(base) coder@192 ~ % conda activate oldgeek-study
(oldgeek-study) coder@192 ~ %

新创建环境中安装所需包：oldgeek-study

(oldgeek-study) coder@192 ~ % conda install requests
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: failed with initial frozen solve. Retrying with flexible solve.
Solving environment: failed with repodata from current_repodata.json, will retry with next repodata source.
Collecting package metadata (repodata.json): done
Solving environment: failed with initial frozen solve. Retrying with flexible solve.
Solving environment: | 
Found conflicts! Looking for incompatible packages.
This can take several minutes.  Press CTRL-C to abort.
failed                                                                                                                   

UnsatisfiableError: The following specifications were found to be incompatible with each other:

Output in format: Requested package -> Available versions

(oldgeek-study) coder@192 ~ % pip install requests
Collecting requests
  Using cached requests-2.26.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (62 kB)
Collecting certifi>=2017.4.17
  Downloading certifi-2021.10.8-py2.py3-none-any.whl (149 kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 149 kB 164 kB/s 
Collecting urllib3<1.27,>=1.21.1
  Downloading urllib3-1.26.7-py2.py3-none-any.whl (138 kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 138 kB 67 kB/s 
Collecting idna<4,>=2.5
  Downloading idna-3.3-py3-none-any.whl (61 kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 61 kB 16 kB/s 
Collecting charset-normalizer~=2.0.0
  Downloading charset_normalizer-2.0.7-py3-none-any.whl (38 kB)
Installing collected packages: urllib3, idna, charset-normalizer, certifi, requests
Successfully installed certifi-2021.10.8 charset-normalizer-2.0.7 idna-3.3 requests-2.26.0 urllib3-1.26.7

使用pip安装成功，那我们用conda list查看安装情况

(oldgeek-study) coder@192 ~ % conda list
# packages in environment at /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/envs/oldgeek-study:
#
# Name                    Version                   Build  Channel
bzip2                     1.0.8                h1de35cc_0  
ca-certificates           2021.10.26           hecd8cb5_2  
certifi                   2020.6.20          pyhd3eb1b0_3  
libcxx                    12.0.0               h2f01273_0  
libffi                    3.3                  hb1e8313_2  
ncurses                   6.3                  hca72f7f_0  
openssl                   1.1.1l               h9ed2024_0  
pip                       21.2.4          py310hecd8cb5_0  
python                    3.10.0               h88f2d9e_1  
readline                  8.1                  h9ed2024_0  
setuptools                58.0.4          py310hecd8cb5_0  
sqlite                    3.36.0               hce871da_0  
tk                        8.6.11               h7bc2e8c_0  
tzdata                    2021e                hda174b7_0  
wheel                     0.37.0             pyhd3eb1b0_1  
xz                        5.2.5                h1de35cc_0  
zlib                      1.2.11               h1de35cc_3  
(oldgeek-study) cynthia@192 ~ % pip list
Package            Version
------------------ ---------
certifi            2021.10.8
charset-normalizer 2.0.7
idna               3.3
pip                21.2.4
requests           2.26.0
setuptools         58.0.4
urllib3            1.26.7
(oldgeek-study) cynthia@192 ~ %

(oldgeek-study) coder@192 pycharm % pip list
Package                       Version
----------------------------- ---------
anyio                         3.3.4
appnope                       0.1.2
...
requests                      2.26.0

(oldgeek-study) coder@192 ~ % conda install numpy
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: failed with initial frozen solve. Retrying with flexible solve.
Solving environment: failed with repodata from current_repodata.json, will retry with next repodata source.
Collecting package metadata (repodata.json): done
Solving environment: failed with initial frozen solve. Retrying with flexible solve.
Solving environment: | 
Found conflicts! Looking for incompatible packages.
This can take several minutes.  Press CTRL-C to abort.
failed                                                                                                                   

UnsatisfiableError: The following specifications were found
to be incompatible with the existing python installation in your environment:

Specifications:

  - numpy -> python[version='>=2.7,<2.8.0a0|>=3.6,<3.7.0a0|>=3.7,<3.8.0a0|>=3.8,<3.9.0a0|>=3.9,<3.10.0a0|>=3.5,<3.6.0a0']

Your python: python=3.10

If python is on the left-most side of the chain, that's the version you've asked for.
When python appears to the right, that indicates that the thing on the left is somehow
not available for the python version you are constrained to. Note that conda will not
change your python version to a different minor version unless you explicitly specify
that.

悲剧：没有安装成功，我们太新潮了，python3.10刚出来，numpy尚未来的及对python3.10的支持，所以直接安装挂了。

建议：

退出新环境：输入exit

(oldgeek-study) coder@192 ~ % exit
Saving session...
...copying shared history...
...saving history...truncating history files...
...completed.

[进程已完成]

删除环境：conda remove -n [环境名称] –all

(oldgeek-study) coder@192 ~ % conda remove -n oldgeek-study --all

CondaEnvironmentError: cannot remove current environment. deactivate and run conda remove again

创建个低版本的环境：Python3.8

conda create -n oldgeek-study python=3.8 numpy scipy sympy matplotlib seaborn

克隆一个base环境，以备不实之需

“

后面oldgeek-study环境在安装新包时出了问题，可以直接用这个base环境，继续搞，省去了初始化安装必要包的时间

”

(base) coder@192 ~ % conda create -n coder-base --clone oldgeek-study
WARNING: A directory already exists at the target location '/Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/envs/coder-base'
but it is not a conda environment.
Continue creating environment (y/[n])? y

Source:      /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/envs/oldgeek-study
Destination: /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/envs/coder-base
Packages: 131
Files: 0
Preparing transaction: done
Verifying transaction: done
Executing transaction: done
#
# To activate this environment, use
#
#     $ conda activate coder-base
#
# To deactivate an active environment, use
#
#     $ conda deactivate

环境包导入和导出

场景

老码农在自己的电脑环境：coder-base安装了许多软件包，一直运行很稳定

小码匠自己瞎捣鼓，把自己环境弄挂了，着急想尽快重新构建个环境，那咋办呢。

(base) coder@192 ~ % conda env export --file coder-base.yml --name coder-base

(base) coder@192 ~ % cat coder-base.yml 
name: coder-base
channels:
  - conda-forge
  - defaults
dependencies:
  - anyio=3.3.4=py38h50d1736_0
  - appnope=0.1.2=py38h50d1736_2
  - argon2-cffi=21.1.0=py38h96a0964_1
  - async_generator=1.10=py_0
  - attrs=21.2.0=pyhd8ed1ab_0
  - babel=2.9.1=pyh44b312d_0
  - backcall=0.2.0=pyh9f0ad1d_0
  - backports=1.0=py_2
  - backports.functools_lru_cache=1.6.4=pyhd8ed1ab_0

conda env create -f coder-base.yml

镜像

场景：我们有时安装软件包时，经常会很慢，有时还直接挂了，那有没有提速的办法呢。

是什么原因呢？

安装完conda，默认我们会去官方镜像站点拉取包，官方的服务器都在国外，网络一旦不稳定，自然我们拉取软件包会很慢。

conda config --add channels bioconda
conda config --add channels conda-forge

终端执行下面命令

conda config

(base) coder@192 ~ % ls ~/.co*
/Users/coder/.codota-id	/Users/coder/.condarc

(base) coder@192 ~ % cat ~/.condarc
show_channel_urls: true

(base) cynthia@192 ~ % conda config --get channels

(base) coder@192 ~ % conda info

     active environment : base
    active env location : /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3
            shell level : 1
       user config file : /Users/coder/.condarc
 populated config files : /Users/coder/.condarc
          conda version : 4.10.3
    conda-build version : not installed
         python version : 3.9.5.final.0
       virtual packages : __osx=10.16=0
                          __unix=0=0
                          __archspec=1=x86_64
       base environment : /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3  (writable)
      conda av data dir : /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/etc/conda
  conda av metadata url : None
           channel URLs : https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/main/osx-64
                          https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/main/noarch
                          https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/r/osx-64
                          https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/r/noarch
          package cache : /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/pkgs
                          /Users/coder/.conda/pkgs
       envs directories : /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/envs
                          /Users/coder/.conda/envs
               platform : osx-64
             user-agent : conda/4.10.3 requests/2.25.1 CPython/3.9.5 Darwin/20.6.0 OSX/10.16
                UID:GID : 501:20
             netrc file : None
           offline mode : False

添加国内的镜像：咱们清华大学开源的镜像站

conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/bioconda/

(base) coder@192 ~ % conda config --get channels
--add channels 'defaults'# lowest priority
--add channels 'https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/'
--add channels 'https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main/'
--add channels 'https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/'
--add channels 'https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/bioconda/'# highest priority

骚操作

 conda activate coder-study

(base) coder@192 ~ % vim ~/.bash_profile
# >>> conda initialize >>>
# !! Contents within this block are managed by 'conda init' !!
__conda_setup="$('/Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/bin/conda' 'shell.bash' 'hook' 2> /dev/null)"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
    eval "$__conda_setup"
else
    if [ -f "/Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/etc/profile.d/conda.sh" ]; then
        . "/Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/etc/profile.d/conda.sh"
    else
        export PATH="/Users/coder/opt/miniconda3/bin:$PATH"
    fi
fi
unset __conda_setup
# <<< conda initialize <<<
export PATH=/System/Volumes/Data/fgb/04.tool/apache-maven-3.8.1/bin:$PATH
export PATH="$PATH":/usr/local/mysql/bin
export HOMEBREW_BOTTLE_DOMAIN=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/homebrew/homebrew-bottles

export PATH=${PATH}:/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/bin/python3
alias python="/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/bin/python3"

alias coder="conda activate coder-study"
(base) coder@192 ~ % source ~/.bash_profile
(base) coder@192 ~ % coder
(coder-study) cynthia@192 ~ %

删除conda

Mac

(base) coder@192 opt % conda env list
# conda environments:
#
                         /Applications/JupyterLab.app/Contents/Resources/jlab_server
base                  *  /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3

rm -rf /Users/coder/opt/miniconda3

Windows：

速查宝典

查看帮助和版本

环境相关

日常命令

通道相关

华山论剑：conda & pip

Command reference

参考资料

对话

小码匠：累死宝宝了，老码农，你为啥整理这么多啊，看着有点累啊。
老码农：这份文档绝大部分问题你都可以解决，快速查找。
小码匠：那也不用一次弄这么细吧。
老码农：小码匠，很严肃的话题，学习要注重效率，梳理资料，搞N次，每次都丢三落四的，会严重影响未来的效率。一次搞全，后面再补充新知识补充就好了。要养成好的学习习惯，才能事倍功半的。

梳理资料

小码匠：你的要求好高啊，我尽量争取吧，不成为你的拖油瓶。
老码农：你不会的，因为你要成为码匠的。

来源：小码匠与老码农