代码收藏家 Python turtle库如何瞬间完成作图？难道只难像海龟一样慢慢爬吗？
作为一个74年出生的中年业余玩家，第一次进CSDN周创作榜，恰好呢还是第74名，真的真的有点小窃喜。容我陶醉一下，这算不算凡尔赛？
好吧，言归正传。先问一下，大家有没有在小霸王学习机上用过LOGO语言呢？小霸王学习机是成龙代言的，用过的朋友，岁数也都不小了吧？用各种各样的插卡可以换节目，学习、游戏都有。隐约记得其中有个“海龟画图”的程序，其实它就是LOGO语言，或者说是一个子集。
LOGO语言简介
20世纪60年代，美国麻省理工学院人工智能实验室的西摩尔·帕伯特专为孩子们设计了一种叫LOGO的计算机语言，是一种易学、易懂、易于掌握的结构化程序设计语言，出发点是将原本较为枯燥的程序设计形象化，希望学生不要机械地记忆事实，使学生在掌握了为数不多的LOGO原始命令后，能在发现和探索中学习，通过操纵屏幕上的海龟来学习编写程序，强调创造性的探索能给学生严密的计算思维和有趣的学习体验。它具有三部分功能：一是编辑功能，可以进行命令与过程的编辑，使学生们了解成年人是怎样进行文字编辑工作的；二是驱使海龟移动业绘出各种图形的功能，即海龟作图功能；三是字表处理与数值处理的功能。
LOGO语言是一种结构化程序设计语言。它是交互式的，为人们提供了良好的编程环境；它是模块化的，便于程序的修改与扩充；它是过程化的，包含了过程、参数、变量等重要概念，并允许递归调用；它有丰富的数据结构类型；有生动的图形处理功能。它不仅具备多种优秀程序设计语就能掌握LOGO的基本绘图指令，高年级学LOGO程序设计自然不是难事。 ——摘自百度百科
如今python的turtle库把它给复活了，python2.6版本开始引入了turtle库，也能海龟作图了！
turtle库函数
>>> import turtle as t
>>> t.__all__
['ScrolledCanvas', 'TurtleScreen', 'Screen', 'RawTurtle', 'Turtle',
'RawPen', 'Pen', 'Shape', 'Vec2D', 'addshape', 'bgcolor', 'bgpic',
'bye', 'clearscreen', 'colormode', 'delay', 'exitonclick', 'getcanvas',
'getshapes', 'listen', 'mainloop', 'mode', 'numinput', 'onkey', 'onkeypress',
'onkeyrelease', 'onscreenclick', 'ontimer', 'register_shape', 'resetscreen',
'screensize', 'setup', 'setworldcoordinates', 'textinput', 'title', 'tracer',
'turtles', 'update', 'window_height', 'window_width', 'back', 'backward',
'begin_fill', 'begin_poly', 'bk', 'circle', 'clear', 'clearstamp', 'clearstamps',
'clone', 'color', 'degrees', 'distance', 'dot', 'down', 'end_fill', 'end_poly',
'fd', 'fillcolor', 'filling', 'forward', 'get_poly', 'getpen', 'getscreen',
'get_shapepoly', 'getturtle', 'goto', 'heading', 'hideturtle', 'home', 'ht',
'isdown', 'isvisible', 'left', 'lt', 'onclick', 'ondrag', 'onrelease', 'pd',
'pen', 'pencolor', 'pendown', 'pensize', 'penup', 'pos', 'position', 'pu',
'radians', 'right', 'reset', 'resizemode', 'rt', 'seth', 'setheading',
'setpos', 'setposition', 'settiltangle', 'setundobuffer', 'setx', 'sety',
'shape', 'shapesize', 'shapetransform', 'shearfactor', 'showturtle', 'speed',
'st', 'stamp', 'tilt', 'tiltangle', 'towards', 'turtlesize', 'undo',
'undobufferentries', 'up', 'width', 'write', 'xcor', 'ycor',
'write_docstringdict', 'done', 'Terminator']
>>> 挑几个常用的回忆下“小时候”的感觉：
| 命令 | 说明 |
| .forward() | fd( ) | 向当前画笔方向移动distance像素长 |
| .backward() | bd( ) | back( ) | 向当前画笔相反方向移动distance像素长度 |
| .right() | rt() | 顺时针移动degree° |
| .left() | lt() | 逆时针移动degree° |
| .pendown() | 移动时绘制图形,缺省时也为绘制 |
| .penup() | 移动时不绘制图形,提起笔，用于另起一个地方绘制时用 |
| .pensize(width) | 绘制图形时的宽度 |
| .pencolor() | 画笔颜色 |
| .fillcolor() | 绘制图形的填充颜色 fillcolor(colorstring) |
| .color() | 同时设置pencolor=color1, fillcolor=color2 |
| .filling() | 返回当前是否在填充状态 |
| .begin_fill() | 准备开始填充图形 |
| .end_fill() | 填充完成 |
| .setheading() | seth() | 设置当前朝向为某个角度 |
| .position() | pos() | 返回乌龟当前的位置 (x,y) |
| .goto(x,y) | setpos() | setposion() | 将画笔移动到坐标为x,y的位置 |
| .setx()、.sety() | 将当前x轴、y轴移动到指定位置 |
| .xcor()、.ycor() | 返回画笔x、y坐标 |
| .degrees() | 将角度设置为度量单位，degrees(fullcircle=360.0 ) |
| .radians() | 将弧度设置为角度度量单位，相当于degrees(2*math.pi) |
| .home() | 设置当前画笔位置为原点，朝向东 |
| .speed(speed) | 画笔绘制的速度，speed范围0~10 |
| .circle() | 画圆,半径为正(负),表示圆心在画笔的左边(右边)画圆 |
| .dot() | 使用给定颜色绘制给定直径大小的圆点 dot(size=None, *color) |
| .hide() | 隐藏箭头显示 |
| .show() | 与hideturtle()函数对应 |
| .clear() | 清空turtle窗口，但是turtle的位置和状态不会改变 |
| .reset() | 清空窗口，重置turtle状态为起始状态 |
| .undo() | 撤消(重复)最后一次动作，撤消操作数由取消缓冲区的大小决定 |
| .isvisible() | 返回当前turtle是否可见 |
| .stamp() | 复制乌龟形状的副本在当前canvas上，返回stamp_id |
| .clearstamp(stampid) | 删除给定stamp_id对应的标记 |
| .clearstamps(n=None) | 删除标记的全部或前/后n个 |
窗口启动
>>> import turtle as t
>>> t.Turtle()
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x03D3D208>
>>> 执行Turtle()会启动一个图形窗口，如下：
箭头位置是画布canvas上的坐标原点(0,0)，和笛卡尔坐标系一样，坐标(x,y)的点：x正值的点都在原点的右侧，负值的点在左侧；y正值的点都在原点的上方，负值的点在下方。
那么海龟在哪里？
好吧，来让海龟出来爬一爬：
>>> import turtle as t
>>> Shape = 'arrow', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic','turtle'
>>> for s in Shape:
t.penup()
t.forward(30)
t.pendown()
t.shape(s)
stampid = t.stamp()
>>> 
函数 turtle.shape() 用来控制画笔的形状，共有6种画笔形状，分别是：'arrow', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic','turtle'。 默认值为'classic'。最后一个turtle.shape('turtle')就能把海龟召唤出来了。
初步尝试作图
画个正方形
向前画边长100的线段，向左或向右转90度， 循环4次即成
>>> import turtle as t
>>> t.Turtle()
>>> for i in range(4):
t.forward(100)
t.left(90)循环出多个正方形
>>> import turtle as t
>>> def rect(n):
for i in range(4):
t.forward(n)
t.left(90)
>>> t.Turtle()
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0000000002C6A340>
>>> for i in range(1,10):
rect(i*20)
>>> 加上色彩和“旋转”效果
import turtle
turtle.bgcolor('black')
turtle.speed(0)
colors = ['red','yellow','blue','green','orange','purple','white','gray']
sides = 4 # 可以改变sides，看其它的多边形效果
for x in range(360):
turtle.pencolor(colors[x % sides])
turtle.forward(x * 3 / sides + x)
turtle.left(360 / sides + 1)
turtle.width(x * sides / 200) 画笔移动速度
turtle.speed(speed) 用来控制绘制的速度的，speed范围是0~10，设置成1~10速度依次加快，但speed=0才是最快的。也可用指定的字串表示：'fastest' == 0; 'fast' == 10; 'normal' == 6; 'slow' == 3; 'slowest' == 1。
画以下这个图形需要1分钟：
>>> import turtle,time
>>> t = time.time()
>>> turtle.Turtle()
>>> for i in range(100):
turtle.pencolor(ls[i%10])
turtle.fd(i*5)
turtle.lt(90)
if i==99: print(time.time()-t)
61.13451147079468设置最快速度 turtle.speed(0) 约用35秒；设置最慢速度 turtle.speed(1) 约用180秒。直是龟速啊，难道没有加速完成的方法吗？
瞬间完成！
可以用 tracer(False) 关掉画笔踪迹开关，再复杂的图形也能几乎“秒画”：
还是上面那个图形，关掉后只要5秒钟：
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.tracer(False)
>>> t = time.time()
>>> for i in range(100):
turtle.pencolor(ls[i%10])
turtle.fd(i*5)
turtle.lt(90)
if i==99: print(time.time()-t)
5.0890655517578125
>>> 如不关掉踪迹开关，画以下这种图形等得你不想看完结果：
更多作图案例可以自己到网上去搜来模仿学习，但不是本篇所想重点展示的内容。就挑选了以下这个手表的代码，作了部分修改放到这里以作示范：
海龟手表
from turtle import *
from datetime import *
def Init():
global Watch, Second, Minute, Hour
mode("logo")
Create("Second", 135)
Create("Minute", 125)
Create("Hour", 90)
Second = Turtle()
Second.shape("Second")
Minute = Turtle()
Minute.shape("Minute")
Hour = Turtle()
Hour.shape("Hour")
for hand in Second, Minute, Hour:
hand.shapesize(1, 1, 3)
hand.speed(0)
Watch = Turtle()
Watch.hideturtle()
Watch.penup()
def Skip(step):
penup()
forward(step)
pendown()
def Create(name, length):
reset()
Skip(-length * 0.1)
begin_poly()
forward(length * 1.1)
end_poly()
handForm = get_poly()
register_shape(name, handForm)
def Write(msg,obj=None):
if obj=='Watch':
Watch.write(msg, align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
else:
write(msg, align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
def SetupClock(radius):
reset()
pensize(7)
for i in range(60):
Skip(radius)
if i % 5==0:
forward(12)
penup()
if i==0:
bk(45); Write(12); fd(45)
elif i==30:
bk(20); Write(6); fd(20)
elif i==15 or i==45:
bk(30); rt(90)
bk(12 if i==45 else -12)
Write(i//5)
fd(12 if i==45 else -12)
lt(90); fd(30)
pendown()
Skip(-radius - 12)
else:
dot(5)
Skip(-radius)
right(6)
home()
penup()
forward(55)
Write('海龟表')
forward(40)
shape('turtle')
def Week(t):
week = ["一", "二", "三", "四", "五", "六", "日"]
return '星期'+week[t.weekday()]
def Date(t):
return "%s-%.2d-%.2d"%(t.year,t.month,t.day)
def Tick():
t = datetime.today()
second = t.second + t.microsecond * 0.000001
minute = t.minute + second / 60.0
hour = t.hour + minute / 60.0
Second.seth(6 * second)
Minute.seth(6 * minute)
Hour.seth(30 * hour)
tracer(False)
Watch.back(100)
Write(Week(t), 'Watch')
Watch.forward(30)
Write(Date(t), 'Watch')
Watch.home()
tracer(True)
ontimer(Tick, 100)
def main():
tracer(False)
setup(410,400)
bgcolor('lightgray')
title("Turtle Watch")
Init()
SetupClock(160)
tracer(True)
Tick()
done()
if __name__=="__main__":
main()
部分原版帮助
函数实在太多了，除了以上提到过的函数，更多的可调用python自带的原版帮助，help(turtle)总共有8000多行，挑其中一部分放在最后以供参考学习：
>>> import turtle as t
>>> help(t.Pen)
Help on class Turtle in module turtle:
class Turtle(RawTurtle)
| Turtle(shape='classic', undobuffersize=1000, visible=True)
|
| RawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas.
|
| When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some
| Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created.
|
| Method resolution order:
| Turtle
| RawTurtle
| TPen
| TNavigator
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, shape='classic', undobuffersize=1000, visible=True)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from RawTurtle:
|
| begin_fill(self)
| Called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.color("black", "red")
| >>> turtle.begin_fill()
| >>> turtle.circle(60)
| >>> turtle.end_fill()
|
| begin_poly(self)
| Start recording the vertices of a polygon.
|
| No argument.
|
| Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position
| is first point of polygon.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.begin_poly()
|
| clear(self)
| Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
|
| No arguments.
|
| Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.
| State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other
| turtles are not affected.
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.clear()
|
| clearstamp(self, stampid)
| Delete stamp with given stampid
|
| Argument:
| stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.color("blue")
| >>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
| >>> turtle.fd(50)
| >>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
|
| clearstamps(self, n=None)
| Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps.
|
| Optional argument:
| n -- an integer
|
| If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps,
| else if n > 0 delete first n stamps
| else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> for i in range(8):
| ... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
| ...
| >>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
| >>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
| >>> turtle.clearstamps()
|
| clone(self)
| Create and return a clone of the turtle.
|
| No argument.
|
| Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading
| and turtle properties.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named mick):
| mick = Turtle()
| joe = mick.clone()
|
| dot(self, size=None, *color)
| Draw a dot with diameter size, using color.
|
| Optional arguments:
| size -- an integer >= 1 (if given)
| color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple
|
| Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color.
| If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.dot()
| >>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
|
| end_fill(self)
| Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill().
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.color("black", "red")
| >>> turtle.begin_fill()
| >>> turtle.circle(60)
| >>> turtle.end_fill()
|
| end_poly(self)
| Stop recording the vertices of a polygon.
|
| No argument.
|
| Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is
| last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.end_poly()
|
| filling(self)
| Return fillstate (True if filling, False else).
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.begin_fill()
| >>> if turtle.filling():
| ... turtle.pensize(5)
| ... else:
| ... turtle.pensize(3)
|
| get_poly(self)
| Return the lastly recorded polygon.
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> p = turtle.get_poly()
| >>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)
|
| get_shapepoly(self)
| Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs.
|
| No argument.
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape("square")
| >>> turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2)
| >>> turtle.get_shapepoly()
| ((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20))
|
| getpen = getturtle(self)
|
| getscreen(self)
| Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
|
| No argument.
|
| Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on.
| So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> ts = turtle.getscreen()
| >>> ts
| <turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770>
| >>> ts.bgcolor("pink")
|
| getturtle(self)
| Return the Turtleobject itself.
|
| No argument.
|
| Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':
|
| Example:
| >>> pet = getturtle()
| >>> pet.fd(50)
| >>> pet
| <turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>
| >>> turtles()
| [<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]
|
| onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
| Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas.
|
| Arguments:
| fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
| the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
| btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
| add -- True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise
| it will replace a former binding.
|
| Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way:
|
| >>> def turn(x, y):
| ... left(360)
| ...
| >>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
| >>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed
|
| ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
| Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas.
|
| Arguments:
| fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
| the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
| btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
|
| Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
| mouse-click event on that turtle.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)
|
| Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will move it
| across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is
| down).
|
| onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)
| Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas.
|
| Arguments:
| fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned
| the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.
| btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).
|
| Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe):
| >>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):
| ... def glow(self,x,y):
| ... self.fillcolor("red")
| ... def unglow(self,x,y):
| ... self.fillcolor("")
| ...
| >>> joe = MyTurtle()
| >>> joe.onclick(joe.glow)
| >>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow)
|
| Clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, unclicking turns it to
| transparent.
|
| reset(self)
| Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values.
|
| No argument.
|
| Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle
| and set variables to the default values.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00,-22.00)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 100.0
| >>> turtle.reset()
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00,0.00)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 0.0
|
| settiltangle(self, angle)
| Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction
|
| Argument: angle -- number
|
| Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
| regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
| heading (direction of movement).
|
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape("circle")
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
| >>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
| >>> stamp()
| >>> turtle.fd(50)
| >>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
| >>> stamp()
| >>> turtle.fd(50)
|
| setundobuffer(self, size)
| Set or disable undobuffer.
|
| Argument:
| size -- an integer or None
|
| If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.
| Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone
| by the undo() function.
| If size is None, no undobuffer is present.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)
|
| shape(self, name=None)
| Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename.
|
| Optional argument:
| name -- a string, which is a valid shapename
|
| Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given,
| return name of current shape.
| Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary.
| Initially there are the following polygon shapes:
| 'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'.
| To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape()
| 'arrow'
| >>> turtle.shape("turtle")
| >>> turtle.shape()
| 'turtle'
|
| shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
| Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".
|
| Optional arguments:
| stretch_wid : positive number
| stretch_len : positive number
| outline : positive number
|
| Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.
| Set resizemode to "user".
| If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed
| stretched according to its stretchfactors:
| stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation
| stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.
| outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.resizemode("user")
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
| >>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
|
| shapetransform(self, t11=None, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None)
| Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape.
|
| Optional arguments: t11, t12, t21, t22 -- numbers.
|
| If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation
| matrix.
| Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape
| according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and
| second row t21, 22.
| Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the
| given matrix.
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape("square")
| >>> turtle.shapesize(4,2)
| >>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5)
| >>> turtle.shapetransform()
| (4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0)
|
| shearfactor(self, shear=None)
| Set or return the current shearfactor.
|
| Optional argument: shear -- number, tangent of the shear angle
|
| Shear the turtleshape according to the given shearfactor shear,
| which is the tangent of the shear angle. DO NOT change the
| turtle's heading (direction of movement).
| If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the
| tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the
| heading of the turtle are sheared.
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape("circle")
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
| >>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5)
| >>> turtle.shearfactor()
| >>> 0.5
|
| stamp(self)
| Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id.
|
| No argument.
|
| Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current
| turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be
| used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id).
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.color("blue")
| >>> turtle.stamp()
| 13
| >>> turtle.fd(50)
|
| tilt(self, angle)
| Rotate the turtleshape by angle.
|
| Argument:
| angle - a number
|
| Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle,
| but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement).
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape("circle")
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
| >>> turtle.tilt(30)
| >>> turtle.fd(50)
| >>> turtle.tilt(30)
| >>> turtle.fd(50)
|
| tiltangle(self, angle=None)
| Set or return the current tilt-angle.
|
| Optional argument: angle -- number
|
| Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
| regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's
| heading (direction of movement).
| If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle
| between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the
| turtle (its direction of movement).
|
| Deprecated since Python 3.1
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.shape("circle")
| >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
| >>> turtle.tilt(45)
| >>> turtle.tiltangle()
|
| turtlesize = shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)
|
| undo(self)
| undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
|
| No argument.
|
| undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.
| Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of
| the undobuffer.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> for i in range(4):
| ... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
| ...
| >>> for i in range(8):
| ... turtle.undo()
| ...
|
| undobufferentries(self)
| Return count of entries in the undobuffer.
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> while undobufferentries():
| ... undo()
|
| write(self, arg, move=False, align='left', font=('Arial', 8, 'normal'))
| Write text at the current turtle position.
|
| Arguments:
| arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen
| move (optional) -- True/False
| align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right"
| font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)
|
| Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current
| turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right")
| and with the given font.
| If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner
| of the text. By default, move is False.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center")
| >>> turtle.write((0,0), True)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes inherited from RawTurtle:
|
| screens = []
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from TPen:
|
| color(self, *args)
| Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor.
|
| Arguments:
| Several input formats are allowed.
| They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows:
|
| color()
| Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor
| as a pair of color specification strings as are returned
| by pencolor and fillcolor.
| color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b)
| inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor,
| to the given value.
| color(colorstring1, colorstring2),
| color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))
| equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2)
| and analogously, if the other input format is used.
|
| If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon
| is drawn with the newly set colors.
| For more info see: pencolor, fillcolor
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.color('red', 'green')
| >>> turtle.color()
| ('red', 'green')
| >>> colormode(255)
| >>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))
| >>> color()
| ('#285078', '#a0c8f0')
|
| down = pendown(self)
|
| fillcolor(self, *args)
| Return or set the fillcolor.
|
| Arguments:
| Four input formats are allowed:
| - fillcolor()
| Return the current fillcolor as color specification string,
| possibly in hex-number format (see example).
| May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
| - fillcolor(colorstring)
| s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
| - fillcolor((r, g, b))
| *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
| and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
| where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
| - fillcolor(r, g, b)
| r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
| are in the range 0..colormode
|
| If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn
| with the newly set fillcolor.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.fillcolor('violet')
| >>> col = turtle.pencolor()
| >>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
| >>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0)
|
| hideturtle(self)
| Makes the turtle invisible.
|
| Aliases: hideturtle | ht
|
| No argument.
|
| It's a good idea to do this while you're in the
| middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding
| the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.hideturtle()
|
| ht = hideturtle(self)
|
| isdown(self)
| Return True if pen is down, False if it's up.
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.penup()
| >>> turtle.isdown()
| False
| >>> turtle.pendown()
| >>> turtle.isdown()
| True
|
| isvisible(self)
| Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden.
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.hideturtle()
| >>> print turtle.isvisible():
| False
|
| pd = pendown(self)
|
| pen(self, pen=None, **pendict)
| Return or set the pen's attributes.
|
| Arguments:
| pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys.
| **pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below
| listed keys as keywords.
|
| Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary'
| with the following key/value pairs:
| "shown" : True/False
| "pendown" : True/False
| "pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple
| "fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple
| "pensize" : positive number
| "speed" : number in range 0..10
| "resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize"
| "stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number)
| "shearfactor": number
| "outline" : positive number
| "tilt" : number
|
| This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent
| pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one
| or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments.
| This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.
|
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)
| >>> turtle.pen()
| {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
| 'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black',
| 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}
| >>> penstate=turtle.pen()
| >>> turtle.color("yellow","")
| >>> turtle.penup()
| >>> turtle.pen()
| {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
| 'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '',
| 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}
| >>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
| >>> p.pen()
| {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,
| 'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green',
| 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}
|
| pencolor(self, *args)
| Return or set the pencolor.
|
| Arguments:
| Four input formats are allowed:
| - pencolor()
| Return the current pencolor as color specification string,
| possibly in hex-number format (see example).
| May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.
| - pencolor(colorstring)
| s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
| - pencolor((r, g, b))
| *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
| and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,
| where colormode is either 1.0 or 255
| - pencolor(r, g, b)
| r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
| are in the range 0..colormode
|
| If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn
| with the newly set pencolor.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pencolor('brown')
| >>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
| >>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
| >>> turtle.pencolor()
| '#33cc8c'
|
| pendown(self)
| Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.
|
| Aliases: pendown | pd | down
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pendown()
|
| pensize(self, width=None)
| Set or return the line thickness.
|
| Aliases: pensize | width
|
| Argument:
| width -- positive number
|
| Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set
| to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with
| the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize
| is returned.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pensize()
| 1
| >>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn
|
| penup(self)
| Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
|
| Aliases: penup | pu | up
|
| No argument
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.penup()
|
| pu = penup(self)
|
| resizemode(self, rmode=None)
| Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize".
|
| (Optional) Argument:
| rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize"
|
| Different resizemodes have the following effects:
| - "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle
| corresponding to the value of pensize.
| - "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the
| values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline),
| which are set by shapesize()
| - "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place.
| If no argument is given, return current resizemode.
| resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments.
|
|
| Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.resizemode("noresize")
| >>> turtle.resizemode()
| 'noresize'
|
| showturtle(self)
| Makes the turtle visible.
|
| Aliases: showturtle | st
|
| No argument.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.hideturtle()
| >>> turtle.showturtle()
|
| speed(self, speed=None)
| Return or set the turtle's speed.
|
| Optional argument:
| speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)
|
| Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10.
| If no argument is given: return current speed.
|
| If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5,
| speed is set to 0.
| Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way:
| 'fastest' : 0
| 'fast' : 10
| 'normal' : 6
| 'slow' : 3
| 'slowest' : 1
| speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of
| line drawing and turtle turning.
|
| Attention:
| speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump
| and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.speed(3)
|
| st = showturtle(self)
|
| up = penup(self)
|
| width = pensize(self, width=None)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from TPen:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object (if defined)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from TNavigator:
|
| back(self, distance)
| Move the turtle backward by distance.
|
| Aliases: back | backward | bk
|
| Argument:
| distance -- a number
|
| Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the
| turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00, 0.00)
| >>> turtle.backward(30)
| >>> turtle.position()
| (-30.00, 0.00)
|
| backward = back(self, distance)
|
| bk = back(self, distance)
|
| circle(self, radius, extent=None, steps=None)
| Draw a circle with given radius.
|
| Arguments:
| radius -- a number
| extent (optional) -- a number
| steps (optional) -- an integer
|
| Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left
| of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the
| circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle.
| If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
| current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction
| if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally
| the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent.
|
| As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon,
| steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given,
| it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular
| polygons.
|
| call: circle(radius) # full circle
| --or: circle(radius, extent) # arc
| --or: circle(radius, extent, steps)
| --or: circle(radius, steps=6) # 6-sided polygon
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.circle(50)
| >>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # semicircle
|
| degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0)
| Set angle measurement units to degrees.
|
| Optional argument:
| fullcircle - a number
|
| Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number
| of 'degrees' for a full circle. Default value is
| 360 degrees.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.left(90)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 90
|
| Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
| grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
| >>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 100
|
| distance(self, x, y=None)
| Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units.
|
| Arguments:
| x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
| y -- a number None None
|
| call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
| --or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
| --or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
| --or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pos()
| (0.00, 0.00)
| >>> turtle.distance(30,40)
| 50.0
| >>> pen = Turtle()
| >>> pen.forward(77)
| >>> turtle.distance(pen)
| 77.0
|
| fd = forward(self, distance)
|
| forward(self, distance)
| Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.
|
| Aliases: forward | fd
|
| Argument:
| distance -- a number (integer or float)
|
| Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction
| the turtle is headed.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00, 0.00)
| >>> turtle.forward(25)
| >>> turtle.position()
| (25.00,0.00)
| >>> turtle.forward(-75)
| >>> turtle.position()
| (-50.00,0.00)
|
| goto(self, x, y=None)
| Move turtle to an absolute position.
|
| Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:
|
| Arguments:
| x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers
| y -- a number None
|
| call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates
| --or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
| --or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
|
| Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,
| a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> tp = turtle.pos()
| >>> tp
| (0.00, 0.00)
| >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
| >>> turtle.pos()
| (60.00,30.00)
| >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
| >>> turtle.pos()
| (20.00,80.00)
| >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
| >>> turtle.pos()
| (0.00,0.00)
|
| heading(self)
| Return the turtle's current heading.
|
| No arguments.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.left(67)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 67.0
|
| home(self)
| Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0).
|
| No arguments.
|
| Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set its
| heading to its start-orientation (which depends on mode).
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.home()
|
| left(self, angle)
| Turn turtle left by angle units.
|
| Aliases: left | lt
|
| Argument:
| angle -- a number (integer or float)
|
| Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
| but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
| Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 22.0
| >>> turtle.left(45)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 67.0
|
| lt = left(self, angle)
|
| pos(self)
| Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.
|
| Aliases: pos | position
|
| No arguments.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pos()
| (0.00, 240.00)
|
| position = pos(self)
|
| radians(self)
| Set the angle measurement units to radians.
|
| No arguments.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 90
| >>> turtle.radians()
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 1.5707963267948966
|
| right(self, angle)
| Turn turtle right by angle units.
|
| Aliases: right | rt
|
| Argument:
| angle -- a number (integer or float)
|
| Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,
| but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
| Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 22.0
| >>> turtle.right(45)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 337.0
|
| rt = right(self, angle)
|
| seth = setheading(self, to_angle)
|
| setheading(self, to_angle)
| Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
|
| Aliases: setheading | seth
|
| Argument:
| to_angle -- a number (integer or float)
|
| Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.
| Here are some common directions in degrees:
|
| standard - mode: logo-mode:
| -------------------|--------------------
| 0 - east 0 - north
| 90 - north 90 - east
| 180 - west 180 - south
| 270 - south 270 - west
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.setheading(90)
| >>> turtle.heading()
| 90
|
| setpos = goto(self, x, y=None)
|
| setposition = goto(self, x, y=None)
|
| setx(self, x)
| Set the turtle's first coordinate to x
|
| Argument:
| x -- a number (integer or float)
|
| Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate
| unchanged.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00, 240.00)
| >>> turtle.setx(10)
| >>> turtle.position()
| (10.00, 240.00)
|
| sety(self, y)
| Set the turtle's second coordinate to y
|
| Argument:
| y -- a number (integer or float)
|
| Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains
| unchanged.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00, 40.00)
| >>> turtle.sety(-10)
| >>> turtle.position()
| (0.00, -10.00)
|
| towards(self, x, y=None)
| Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y).
|
| Arguments:
| x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance
| y -- a number None None
|
| call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates
| --or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates
| --or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos()
| --or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle
|
| Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position
| specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on
| modes - "standard" or "logo")
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> turtle.pos()
| (10.00, 10.00)
| >>> turtle.towards(0,0)
| 225.0
|
| xcor(self)
| Return the turtle's x coordinate.
|
| No arguments.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> reset()
| >>> turtle.left(60)
| >>> turtle.forward(100)
| >>> print turtle.xcor()
| 50.0
|
| ycor(self)
| Return the turtle's y coordinate
| ---
| No arguments.
|
| Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):
| >>> reset()
| >>> turtle.left(60)
| >>> turtle.forward(100)
| >>> print turtle.ycor()
| 86.6025403784
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes inherited from TNavigator:
|
| DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0
|
| DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1
|
| DEFAULT_MODE = 'standard'
|
| START_ORIENTATION = {'logo': (0.00,1.00), 'standard': (1.00,0.00), 'wo...
>>> turtle.done();turtle.bye()!!!
来源：Hann Yang
